# Output

Output from sim_ode() is in the form of a data.frame. The output is in the long format, and split by compartment. This makes the output ready for plotting e.g. with ggplot2 (see section on plotting).

By default, sim_ode() will return a data.frame with the data for all compartments. If you are only interested in the observed data (i.e. the concentrations in the case of PK), you can select only those by specifying the only_obs = TRUE option. Please note that the comp column in the dataset will have the indices for all the compartments, as well as an extra set of rows for the "obs" (observation) data, which is scaled by the scaling factor specified in the model.

The output for the observation, as well as the compartment from which the observation is taken can be set using the obs argument:

mod <- new_ode_model(code = "
dAdt[2] = -(CL/V) * A[2] + KA*A[1];
", obs = list(cmt = 2, scale = "V"))


### Multiple observation types

If you would like to output more than one observation type, such as the concentration of the parent drug and the concentration of the metabolite, you can control that using the obs argument. Below is an example where the amount in the absorption compartment as well as the systemic drug concentration are outputted.

mod <- new_ode_model(code = "
dAdt[2] = -(CL/V) * A[2] + KA*A[1];
", obs = list(cmt = c(2, 2),
scale = c(1, "V"),
label = c("abs", "conc")))

par <- list(CL = 5, V = 50, KA = .5)
reg <- new_regimen(amt = 100, n = 5, interval = 12)
res <- sim_ode(ode = mod, parameters = par, regimen = reg, only_obs = T)


### Parameters, variables, and covariates

It is often useful to include model parameters, generated variables, and/or covariates in the output table as well, especially if covariates and between-subject variability is included in the simulation. Use the output_include argument for this:

dat <- sim(pk1, parameters = p, regimen = reg,
covariates_table = cov_table,
covariates_implementation = list(SCR = "interpolate"),
omega = c(0.1, 0.05, 0.1), n_ind = 50,
output_include = list
parameters = TRUE,
variables = TRUE,
covariates = TRUE)
)